The Multi-Scale Impacts of Ocean Plastic Pollution
Plastic pollution has become one of the most critical and urgent threats to ocean health, affecting marine ecosystems from the surface to the deepest seabed through biological and chemical impacts at both macro- and microscales. Each year, an estimated 8 to 11 million metric tonnes of plastic enter marine environments, where they persist for decades to centuries and continuously interact with seawater, organisms, and sediments. At the macroscale, large plastic debris, such as
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